Flow sensor assembly with integral bypass channel

ABSTRACT

Flow sensor assemblies having increased flow range capabilities are disclosed. In one illustrative embodiment, a flow sensor assembly includes a housing with an inlet flow port, an outlet flow port, a fluid channel extending between the inlet flow port and the outlet flow port, and a bypass channel having a pair of taps fluidly connected to the fluid channel at separate locations. A flow sensor for sensing a measure related to a flow rate of a fluid flowing through the fluid channel can positioned in the bypass channel. A pressure differential between the two taps of the bypass channel can drive a fraction of a fluid flowing through the fluid channel through the bypass channel. The flow sensor assembly may be configured to achieve, control, and/or balance a desired fraction of fluid flow through the bypass channel and past the flow sensor.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. ______(Attorney Docket No. 1326.1328101), entitled “FLOW SENSOR WITH ENHANCEDFLOW RANGE CAPABILITY”, filed on the even date herewith, which is herebyincorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to flow sensors, and moreparticularly, to flow sensor that are configured to sense a fluid flowpassing through a flow channel.

BACKGROUND

Flow sensors are often used to sense the flow rate of a fluid (e.g. gasor liquid) traveling through a fluid channel. Such flow sensors arecommonly used in a wide variety of applications including, for example,medical applications, flight control applications, industrial processapplications, combustion control applications, weather monitoringapplications, as well as many others. In some instances, the massvolumetric flow rate of the flow sensor may be limited because the flowsensor may become saturated when exposed to higher mass volumetric flowrates. This can be undesirable in some applications.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates generally to flow sensors, and moreparticularly, to methods and devices for increasing the flow rate rangethat can be sensed. In one illustrative embodiment, a flow sensorassembly includes a housing with an inlet flow port and an outlet flowport, a fluid channel extending between the inlet flow port and theoutlet flow port, and a bypass channel. In some instances, the housingmay also include one or more partitions positioned in the fluid channelto help promote laminar flow in the fluid channel. The bypass channelmay include two taps in fluid communication with the fluid channel. Anupstream tap may be connected to the fluid channel at a first upstreamlocation, such as upstream of the one or more partitions (when provided)and downstream of the inlet flow port of the fluid channel. A downstreamtap may be connected to the fluid channel at a second downstreamlocation, such as downstream of the one or more partitions (whenprovided) and upstream of the outlet flow port of the fluid channel. Aflow sensor may be in fluid communication with the bypass channel, andmay sense a measure related to a flow rate of a fluid flowing throughthe bypass channel and, hence, the fluid channel. In some cases, one ormore features may be provided in the upstream tap, the downstream tapand/or the bypass channel to restrict the fluid flow rate through thebypass channel, thereby extending the effective flow rate range of theflow sensor assembly.

In some cases, the housing can be a single piece molded part, and maydefine at least part of the inlet and outlet flow ports, the fluidchannel, and the bypass channel. In some cases, a cover may be mountedto the housing to define, for example, the remaining portion of thefluid channel and bypass channel, as desired. In some cases, the singlepiece molded part may also define the one or more partitions, whenprovided.

The preceding summary is provided to facilitate an understanding of someof the features of the present disclosure, and is not intended to be afull description. A full appreciation of the disclosure can be gained bytaking the entire specification, claims, drawings, and abstract as awhole.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The disclosure may be more completely understood in consideration of thefollowing detailed description of various illustrative embodiments ofthe disclosure in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative flow sensor formeasuring a fluid flow rate of a fluid passing through a fluid channel;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative thermal flow sensorassembly for measuring the flow rate of a fluid passing through a fluidchannel;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative thermal flow sensorassembly for measuring the flow rate of a fluid passing through a fluidchannel;

FIG. 4 is a top view of an illustrative packaged thermal flow sensorassembly;

FIG. 5 is a cross-section view of the illustrative packaged thermal flowsensor assembly of FIG. 4 with a cover;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an illustrative flow restrictor thatmay be used in the packaged thermal flow sensor assembly of FIG. 4;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an illustrative porous insert thatmay be used in the packaged thermal flow sensor assembly of FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 is an exploded view of another illustrative embodiment of apackaged thermal flow sensor assembly;

FIG. 9 is a top view of a housing of the illustrative packaged thermalflow sensor assembly of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a bottom perspective view of the illustrative packagedthermal flow sensor assembly of FIG. 8; and

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the illustrative packaged thermalflow sensor assembly of FIG. 8.

DESCRIPTION

The following description should be read with reference to the drawingswherein like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout theseveral views. The description and drawings show several embodimentswhich are meant to be illustrative and not limiting.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative flow sensor 10 formeasuring a fluid flow rate of a fluid flow 14 passing through a fluidchannel 12. The term “fluid” as used herein can refer to a gas flow or aliquid flow, depending on the application. In the illustrativeembodiment, the flow sensor 10 may be exposed to and/or disposed influid communication with the fluid channel 12 to measure one or moreproperties of the fluid flow 14. For example, the flow sensor 10 maymeasure the mass flow and/or velocity of the fluid flow 14 using one ormore thermal sensors (e.g. see FIG. 2), pressure sensors, acousticalsensors, optical sensors, pitot tubes, and/or any other suitable sensoror sensor combination, as desired. In some cases, the flow sensor 10 maybe a microbridge or a Microbrick™ sensor assembly (e.g. see FIG. 3)available from the assignee of the present application, but this is notrequired. Some illustrative methods and sensor configurations that areconsidered suitable for measuring the mass flow and/or velocity of thefluid flow 14 are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,478,076;4,478,077; 4,501,144; 4,581,928; 4,651,564; 4,683,159; 5,050,429;6,169,965; 6,223,593; 6,234,016; 6,502,459; 7,278,309; 7,513,149; and7,647,842. It is contemplated that flow sensor 10 may include any ofthese flow sensor configurations and methods, as desired. It must berecognized, however, that flow sensor 10 may be any suitable flowsensor, as desired.

In the illustrative example, the fluid channel 12 may experience a rangeof flow rates of fluid flow 14. For example, the fluid channel 12 mayinclude a high-volume fluid flow, a mid-volume fluid flow, or alow-volume fluid flow. Example fluid flow applications can include, butare not limited to, medical applications (e.g. respirometers,ventilators, spirometers, oxygen concentrators, spectrometryapplications, gas chromatography applications, sleep apnea machines,nebulizers, anesthesia delivery machines, etc.), flight controlapplications, industrial applications (e.g. air-to-fuel ratio,spectrometry, fuel cells, gas leak detection, gas meters, HVACapplications), combustion control applications, weather monitoringapplications, as well as any other suitable fluid flow applications, asdesired.

Turning to FIG. 2, which is a schematic diagram of an illustrativethermal flow sensor assembly for measuring the flow rate of a fluid flow14 passing through a fluid channel 12. In the illustrative embodiment ofFIG. 2, the flow sensor assembly includes one or more heater elements,such as heater element 16, and one or more sensor elements 18 and 20,for sensing a flow rate of a fluid flow 14 in the fluid channel 12. Asshown in FIG. 2, a first sensor element 18 can be positioned upstream ofthe heater element 16, and a second sensor element 20 can be positioneddownstream of the heater element 16. However, this is not meant to belimiting and it is contemplated that, in some embodiments, the fluidchannel 12 may be a bi-directional fluid channel such that, in somecases, the first sensor element 18 is downstream of the heater element16 and the second sensor element 20 is upstream of the heater element16. In some instances only one sensor element may be provided, and inother embodiments, three or more sensor elements may be provided. Insome instances, both sensor elements 18 and 20 may be positionedupstream (or downstream) of the heater element 16.

In some cases, the first sensor element 18 and the second sensor element20 may be thermally sensitive resistors that have a relatively largepositive or negative temperature coefficient, such that the resistancevaries with temperature. In some cases, the first and second sensingelements 18 and 20 may be thermistors. In some instances, the firstsensor element 18, the second sensor element 20, and any additionalsensor elements may be arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration,but this is not required.

In the example shown, when no fluid flow is present in the fluid channel12 and the heater element 16 is heated to a temperature higher than theambient temperature of the fluid in the fluid flow 14, a temperaturedistribution may be created and transmitted in a generally symmetricaldistribution about the heater element 16 to upstream sensor element 18and downstream sensor element 20. In this example, upstream sensorelement 18 and downstream sensor element 20 may sense the same orsimilar temperature (e.g. within 25 percent, 10 percent, 5 percent, 1percent, 0.001 percent, etc.). In some cases, this may produce the sameor similar output voltage in the first sensor element 18 and the secondsensor element 20.

When a non-zero fluid flow 14 is present in the fluid channel 12 and theheater element 16 is heated to a temperature higher than the ambienttemperature of the fluid in the fluid flow 14, the symmetricaltemperature distribution may be disturbed and the amount of disturbancemay be related to the flow rate of the fluid flow 14 in the fluidchannel 12. The flow rate of the fluid flow 14 may cause the upstreamsensor element 18 to sense a relatively cooler temperature than thedownstream sensor element 20. In other words, the flow rate of the fluidflow 14 may cause a temperature differential between the upstream sensorelement 18 and the downstream sensor element 20 that is related to theflow rate of the fluid flow 14 in the fluid channel 12. The temperaturedifferential between the upstream sensor element 18 and the downstreamsensor element 20 may result in an output voltage differential betweenthe upstream sensor element 18 and the downstream sensor element 20.

In another illustrative embodiment, the mass flow and/or velocity of thefluid flow 14 may be determined by providing a transient elevatedtemperature condition in the heater element 16, which in turn, causes atransient elevated temperature condition (e.g. heat pulse) in the fluidflow 14. When there is a non-zero flow rate in the fluid flow 14, theupstream sensor element 18 may receive a transient response later thanthe downstream sensor element 20. The flow rate of the fluid flow 14 canthen be computed using the time lag between the upstream sensor element18 and downstream sensor element 20, or between the time the heater isenergized and when the corresponding elevated temperature condition(e.g. heat pulse) is sensed by one of the sensors, such as thedownstream sensor 20.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative thermal flow sensorassembly for measuring the flow rate of a fluid flow 14 passing througha fluid channel 12. In some cases, thermal flow sensor assembly may be amanifestation of the flow sensor assembly shown in FIG. 3 (or FIG. 2).As shown in FIG. 3, the flow sensor 19 may be a thermal flow sensor(such as, for example, a microbridge flow sensor, a thermal anemometersensor, a MEMS-based sensor, etc.) for measuring the flow rate of afluid flow 14 passing through a fluid channel 12. In the illustrativeembodiment, the flow sensor 19 includes a substrate 34 defining a sensorchannel 26 for receiving at least some of the fluid flowing throughfluid channel 12. In some embodiments, the substrate 34 may be a siliconsubstrate or other substrate, as desired. A layer 28 may be formed on orin the substrate, which may support one or more heater elements, such asheater element 22, and one or more sensor elements, such as sensorelements 21 and 24, for sensing a flow rate of a fluid flow 14 in thechannel 26. As illustrated, layer 28 may be fabricated to includeopenings 30 and 32 for fluidly connecting the sensor channel 26 to thefluid channel 12. In other implementations, the heater element(s) andsensor elements may be disposed directly on a wall of the fluid channel12 (or on another substrate that is disposed directly on the wall of thefluid channel 12), without an additional sensor channel 26 (e.g., as isshown in FIG. 4). When a fluid flow is present in fluid channel 12, atleast some of the fluid flow 14 may flow through opening 30 into thesensor channel 26, across one or more heater elements, such as heaterelement 22, and one or more sensing elements, such as sensing elements21 and 24, and through an opening 32 back into the fluid channel 12.

FIGS. 4 and 5 are top and cross-sectional views of a flow sensorassembly 38. In the illustrative embodiment, the flow sensor assembly 38may be configured to have an enhanced or an increased flow range, whilestill having a stable, reliable and repeatable output signal from theflow sensor without experiencing sensor saturation. In fluid dynamics,the mass volumetric flow rate, often specified in SLPM (standard litersper minute), SCCM (standard cubic centimeters per minute), or SCFH(standard cubic feet per hour), is typically related to the flowvelocity and the cross-sectional area of the flow channel. Increasingthe cross-sectional area of the flow channel may increase the massvolumetric flow rate (e.g. range and/or sensitivity) of the flow sensorassembly 38. Also, positioning the sensing element (e.g. flow sensor 19)in a bypass channel of the flow sensor assembly 38 such that the sensingelement is exposed to only a fraction of the fluid flow rate (based onthe pressure differential across the bypass channel) may furtherincrease the mass volumetric flow rate range and/or sensitivity of theflow sensor assembly 38. By providing the sensor in such a bypasschannel, the mass volumetric flow rate range of the flow sensor assembly38 may be effectively increased by, for example, a factor of 10 or more,a factor of 15 or more, a factor of 20 or more, a factor of 20 or more,a factor of 30 or more, or other factor according to the specific designand geometry of the flow sensor assembly 38.

In the illustrative embodiment, the flow sensor assembly 38 may includean inlet port 42, and outlet port 44, a flow channel 46 extendingbetween the inlet port 42 and the outlet port 44, and a bypass channel62 in fluid communication with the flow channel 46. As shown, the bypasschannel 62 includes an upstream tap 64 and a downstream tap 66 fluidconnecting the bypass channel 62 to the flow channel 46. In some cases,the upstream tap 64 and the downstream tap 66 may be positionedgenerally perpendicular to the flow channel 46, but other orientationsmay be used, as desired.

In some instances, the geometry of the fluid channel can affect thestability of the fluid flow. Reynolds number (Re), which is an indexrelating to turbulence in the fluid channel, is given by:

Re=ρ*V*d/μ,

where:

ρ is a fluid density;

V is a mean velocity of flow;

d is a characteristic distance (diameter of hydraulic radius); and

μ is a viscosity.

Generally, a laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscousforces may be dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluidmotion, while a turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and isdominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies,vortices and other flow instabilities. Laminarizing a fluid flow throughthe fluid channel can be accomplished by adjusting the geometry of thefluid sub-passages (e.g. diameter of hydraulic radius) to reduce theReynolds number (Re) of the fluid flow.

In some instances, the flow sensor assembly 38 may include one or morepartitions, such as partitions 48 and 50, in flow channel 46 to at leastpartially define one or more fluid sub-passages or chambers, shown assub-passages 52, 54, and 56. In the example shown, two partitions 48 and50 are provided. However, it is contemplated that other numbers ofpartitions may be used, such as, for example, zero, one or morepartitions, two or more partitions, three or more partitions, four ormore partitions, five or more partitions, six or more partitions, sevenor more partitions, or any other number of partitions, as desired. Thepartitions 48 and 50 are shown as defining three fluid sub-passages 52,54, and 56. However, it is contemplated that other numbers of fluidsub-passages may be provided, such as, for example, two or moresub-passages, three or more sub-passages, four or more sub-passages,five or more sub-passages, six or more sub-passages, seven or moresub-passages, eight or more sub-passages, or any other number of fluidsub-passages, as desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, each partition 48 and 50 may beconfigured to have a length, which extends in a direction parallel tothe flow channel 46, which may be greater than a width, which extends ina direction perpendicular to the flow channel 46. In some instances, thelength and width of each partition 48 and 50 may be the same, but inother cases, it is contemplated that the partitions 48 and 50 may havedifferent lengths and/or widths. In the embodiment shown, each of thesub-passages 52, 54 and 56 are fluidly connected to the othersub-passages both upstream and downstream of the partitions 48 and 50,but this is not required. Also, the partitions 48 and 50 may or may notbe configured to fluidly isolate each of the sub-passages 52, 54 and 56from each other along the length of the partitions 48 and 50. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 5, the partitions 48 and 50 may be fin typedividers having a height extending only partially across the flowchannel 46 in a direction perpendicular to the fluid flow. Also, in someembodiments, the fluid sub-passages 52, 54, and 56 may be configured tohave the same or substantially similar cross-sectional area, such thatthe volume of fluid flowing through each of the fluid sub-passages 52,54, and 56 may be the same or substantially the same. However, it iscontemplated that different cross-sectional areas may be used for thefluid sub-passages 52, 54, and 56, as desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, the partitions 48 and 50 can help reducethe turbulence in the fluid passing through the flow channel 46 byreducing the diameter of hydraulic radius and consequently, the Reynoldsnumber of the fluid sub-passage. In some instances, the one or morepartitions 48 and 50 may be configured to help laminarize the fluid flowin the flow channel 46 by creating a more consistent flow and mitigatingturbulent effects of the flow of fluid. In some cases, the laminar flowcan reduce the noise seen by the flow sensor 19, providing a moreconsistent, reliable, repeatable, and stable output of the flow sensorassembly 38.

As shown in FIG. 4, the flow sensor assembly 38 may have a first staticpressure P₁ at the upstream tap 64 and a second static pressure P₂ atthe downstream tap 66. The pressure differential between the upstreamtap 64 and the downstream tap 66 can drive a fraction of the fluid flowthrough the bypass channel 62. In some cases, the fraction of the fluidmay be, for example, one-fifth, one-tenth, one-fifteenth, one-twentieth,or any other suitable fraction of the fluid flow entering the inlet port42.

In some embodiments, the dimensions and/or configuration of the bypasschannel 62 may be set in order to provide a desired flow rate or rangeof flow rates across flow sensor 19 for a given flow rate or range offlow rates through the flow channel 46. Excessive fluid flow through thebypass channel and across the flow sensor 19 may cause, for example,sensor saturation. Too little fluid flow through the bypass channel canresult in a sensor output signal that has an insufficient dynamic rangeand/or resolution. In either case, flow sensor 19 may impreciselymeasure the flow rate of a fluid flowing through flow sensor assembly38. In some cases, one or more features may be provided in the bypasschannel to restrict the fluid flow rate through the bypass channel. Suchfeatures may include, for example, one or more flow restrictors formedin the upstream tap, the downstream tap and/or the bypass channel itselfbetween the upstream tap and downstream tap. Such features may alsoinclude one or more porous inserts positioned in the upstream tap, thedownstream tap and/or the bypass channel between the upstream tap anddownstream tap. In some cases, the length of the bypass channel itselfmay be set relative to the cross sectional area of the bypass channel soas to provide a desired flow rate or range of flow rates across flowsensor 19 for a given flow rate or range of flow rates through the flowchannel 46.

In some instance, the flow sensor assembly 38 may include a housing 40and a cover 60 (shown in FIG. 5). The cover 60 may be mounted on orotherwise sealingly engaged to the housing 40. With such aconfiguration, the housing 40 and cover 60 may define the flow channel46 and/or protect the flow sensor 19 and/or any associated signalconditioning circuitry that may be provided in the flow sensor assembly38. In some embodiments, the cover 60 may be a circuit board (e.g.printed circuit board) or other substrate having the flow sensor 19mounted thereon. However, any other suitable cover 60 may be used.

In some embodiments, the housing 40 may define the inlet port 42, outletport 44, three or more sides of the flow channel 46, three or more sidesof the bypass channel 62, and partitions 48 and 50 (when provided), butthis is not required. In some cases, the inlet port 42, outlet port 44,three or more sides of the flow channel 46, three or more sides of thebypass channel 62, and partitions 48 and 50 (when provided) may beformed from a single part (e.g. a single molded part). In such anembodiment, the cover 60 may define the fourth, or top, side of the flowchannel 46 and a fourth, or top, side of the bypass channel 62. As shownin FIG. 5, the partitions 48 and 50 (when provided) may be configured tohave a height such that partitions 48 and 50 do not engage the cover 60.However, it is contemplated that partitions 48 and 50 may be configuredto have a height such that partitions 48 and 50 engage the cover 60, ifdesired. In some instances, it is contemplated that the cover 60 may beconfigured to define all or part of the inlet port 42, outlet port 44,three or more sides of the flow channel 46, three or more sides of thebypass channel 62, and/or partitions 48 and 50, if desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, the housing, including the housing 40and the cover 60, may be formed as a composite. This may, in some cases,aid in molding the housing 40 and the cover 60. However, it iscontemplated that the housing 40 may be molded in a single piece from aplastic, ceramic, metal or any other suitable material according todesign considerations. It is also contemplated that the housing may beformed by injection molding, or may be made by any other suitablemethods and materials, as desired.

In some embodiments, the inlet port 42 and/or the outlet port 44 mayenter at an angle relative to the flow channel 46. As shown in FIG. 4,for example, the inlet port 42 and the outlet port 44 may be generallyperpendicular (angle=90 degrees) to the flow channel 46. However, otherangles are also contemplated, including no angle (in-plane with the flowchannel 46). In some embodiments, the inlet port 42 and the outlet port44 may be fluidly coupled to a main flow channel (not shown) of a largersystem (such as a respirator), but this is not required.

In some instances, the inlet port 42 and/or the outlet port 44 may havea diameter or cross-sectional area that is reduced relative to thebypass channel 62. However, it is contemplated that the inlet port 42and/or the outlet port 44 may have diameters and/or cross-sectionalareas that are about the same as or that are greater than the bypasschannel 62, if desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, a flow sensor 19 is provided in fluidcommunication with the bypass channel 62 of flow sensor assembly 38.When a non-zero fluid flow is present in the flow channel 46, the fluidmay flow through the inlet port 42, through flow channel 46, throughfluid sub-passages 52, 54, and 56 (when present), and through outletport 44. This fluid flow may setup a first static pressure P₁ at theupstream tap 64 of the bypass channel 62 and a second static pressure P₂at the downstream tap 66. This differential pressure (P₁−P₂) will causea fraction of the fluid to pass through upstream tap 64 (in some cases,upstream of the partitions 48 and 50), through bypass channel 62 andacross flow sensor 19, and out downstream tap 66 and back into the flowchannel 46 (in some cases, downstream of the partitions 48 and 50).

In the illustrative embodiment, at least some of the fluid flowingthrough bypass channel 62 may enter a flow sensor opening 30, flow overupstream sensing element 21, heater element 22, and downstream sensingelement 24, out flow sensing opening 32 and back into the bypass channel62. When the heater element 22 is heated to a temperature higher thanthe ambient temperature of the fluid in the fluid flow, the symmetricaltemperature distribution may be disturbed and the amount of disturbancemay be related to the flow rate of the fluid flow through bypass channel62, which may be related to the fluid flow through flow channel 46. Theflow rate of the fluid flow may cause the upstream sensor element 21 tosense a relatively cooler temperature than the downstream sensor element24 of the illustrative flow sensor 19. In other words, the flow rate ofthe fluid flow may cause a temperature differential between the upstreamsensor element 21 and the downstream sensor element 24, which may berelated to the flow rate of the fluid flow in the bypass channel 62, andhence, flow channel 46. The temperature differential between theupstream sensor element 21 and the downstream sensor element 24 mayresult in an output voltage differential between the upstream sensorelement 21 and the downstream sensor element 24.

In some instances, the flow sensor 19 may not include a separate flowchannel that is separate from the bypass channel 62. Rather, in somecases, the flow sensor 19 may directly expose a heater element 22 andone or more sensor elements 21 and 24 directly to the fluid bypasschannel 62 to directly measure the flow rate in the bypass channel 62(rather than in a separate sensor channel). In other instances, it iscontemplated that the flow sensor 19 may measure the mass flow and/orvelocity of the fluid flow 14 in the bypass channel 62 using a thermalsensor, pressure sensor, acoustical sensor, optical sensor, pitot tube,and/or any other suitable flow sensor, as desired.

Although not shown, the flow sensor assembly 38 may include one or moreelectrical leads that are electrically connected to the flow sensor 19,which may extend external to the housing. In some cases, the one or moreelectrical leads may include a metal, however, any suitable conductingmaterial may be used, as desired.

In some embodiments, the upstream tap 64 and/or downstream tap 66 of thebypass channel 62 may be sized or configured as flow restrictors, asbest shown in FIG. 6. These flow restrictors may help reduce the flowrate of the fluid passing across the flow sensor 19 for a given flowrate through the flow channel 46. In FIG. 6, the tap 64 may have adiameter that is smaller than the diameter of the bypass channel 62 tohelp restrict the fluid flow rate entering the bypass channel 62 for agiven pressure drop across the bypass channel 62. By precisely and/oraccurately sizing the diameter and/or lengths of the taps 64 and 66and/or bypass channel 62 more generally, the flow sensor assembly 38 maybetter control and/or balance the relationship between the mass flowrate range to be sensed at the flow sensor 19 and the pressuredifferential (P₁−P₂) created by the fluid flowing through the flowchannel 46.

While FIG. 6 shows both upstream tap 64 and downstream tap 66 as beingconfigured as flow restrictors (e.g. reduced diameter relative to thebypass channel more generally), only one (or none) of the upstream tap64 or the downstream tap 66 may be configured as a flow restrictor, asdesired. Further, it is contemplated that the length of the reduceddiameter portion may extend the entire length of taps 64 and 66, or onlya portion of the length, if desired.

In some embodiments, a porous insert, such as porous inserts 70 and 72,may be positioned in the upstream tap 64 and/or the downstream tap 66,as shown in FIG. 7. The porous inserts 70 and 72 may help laminarize thefluid flow and/or control the pressure drop and thus flow rate acrossflow sensor 19. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 7, porous insert70 is provided in tap 64 and porous insert 72 is provided in tap 66.However, it is contemplated that only one (or none) of porous inserts 70and 72 may be provided, if desired.

In some embodiments, the porous insert 70 may be inserted, pressed, orotherwise positioned in or adjacent to upstream tap 64. Porous insert 72may be inserted, pressed, or otherwise positioned in or adjacent todownstream tap 66. In some embodiments, the porous inserts 70 and 72 maybe generally cylindrical in shape. However, it is contemplated that anysuitable shape may be used, depending on the shape of the tap that theinsert is to be inserted. In other cases, it is contemplated that theporous inserts 70 and 72 may be any shape and, when inserted in the taps64 and 66, the porous inserts 70 and 72 may be deformable to accommodatethe shape of the taps 64 and 66.

The porous inserts 70 and 72 can be configured to have a length and/ordensity that produces a desired or predetermined pressure drop so that adesired flow rate or flow rate range is experienced at the flow sensor19 for a given flow rate or flow range in the flow channel 46. Forexample, increasing the length and/or increasing the density of theporous inserts 70 and 72 (e.g. reducing the pore size) may increase thepressure drop across the porous insert, whereas decreasing the lengthand/or decreasing the density of the porous inserts 70 and 72 maydecrease the pressure drop. In some cases, increasing the density of theupstream porous insert 70 (e.g. reducing the pore size) and/or providingrelatively uniform pore sizes may help provide a more laminar fluid flowthe flow sensor 19. It is contemplated that any suitable length and/ordensity may be used for the porous inserts 70 and 72, depending on thedesired pressure drop and/or laminarization of the fluid flow in thebypass channel 62. In some embodiments, it is contemplated that theembodiment shown in FIG. 6 may be combined with the embodiments shown inFIG. 7. In other words, it is contemplated that the porous inserts 70and/or 72 may be inserted into taps 64 and/or 66, which may beconfigured as flow restrictors having reduced diameters.

FIGS. 8-11 are views of another illustrative embodiment of a flow sensorassembly 80. As shown, the flow sensor assembly 80 may include a housing82 and cover 84 for housing a flow sensor 114. The cover 84 isconfigured to be mounted on or otherwise sealingly engaged to thehousing 82. With such a configuration, the housing 82 and cover 84 maydefine the flow channel 86 and/or protect the flow sensor 114 and/or anyassociated signal conditioning circuitry that may be provided in theflow sensor assembly 80. As illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, the housing82 includes an inlet port 88 and an outlet port 90 for exposing the flowchannel 86 to a fluid flow. The flow sensor assembly 80 may include aflow sensor 114, which may be similar to flow sensor 19, positioned inor adjacent to the flow channel 86 and configured to sense a rate offluid flow through the flow channel 86.

Flow sensor assembly may also include a bypass channel 92 in fluidcommunication with the flow channel 86. As shown, the bypass channel 92includes an upstream tap 100 and a downstream tap 102 fluid connectingthe bypass channel 92 to the flow channel 86. In some instances, theflow sensor assembly 80 may include one or more partitions, such aspartition 94, in flow channel 86 to at least partially define one ormore fluid sub-passages or chambers, shown as sub-passages 96 and 98. Inthe example shown, partition 94 is provided. However, it is contemplatedthat other numbers of partitions may be used, such as, for example,zero, one or more partitions, two or more partitions, three or morepartitions, four or more partitions, five or more partitions, six ormore partitions, seven or more partitions, or any other number ofpartitions, as desired. The partition 94 is shown as defining two fluidsub-passages 96 and 98. However, it is contemplated that other numbersof fluid sub-passages may be provided, such as, for example, two or moresub-passages, three or more sub-passages, four or more sub-passages,five or more sub-passages, six or more sub-passages, seven or moresub-passages, eight or more sub-passages, or any other number of fluidsub-passages, as desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, partition 94 may be configured to have alength, which extends in a direction parallel to the flow channel 86,which may be greater than a width, which extends in a directionperpendicular to the flow channel 86. In the embodiment shown, each ofthe sub-passages 96 and 98 are fluidly connected to the othersub-passages both upstream and downstream of the partition 94, but thisis not required. Also, the partition 94 may or may not be configured tofluidly isolate each of the sub-passages 96 and 98 from each other alongthe length of the partition 94. For example, as shown in FIG. 11, thepartition 94 may be fin type dividers having a height extending onlypartially across the flow channel 86 in a direction perpendicular to thefluid flow. That is, partition 94 may be spaced from the cover 84. Also,in some embodiments, the fluid sub-passages 96 and 98 may be configuredto have the same or substantially similar cross-sectional area, suchthat the volume of fluid flowing through each of the fluid sub-passages96 and 98 may be the same or substantially the same. However, it iscontemplated that different cross-sectional areas may be used for thefluid sub-passages 96 and 98, as desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, the partition 94 can help reduce theturbulence in the fluid passing through the flow channel 86 by reducingthe diameter of hydraulic radius and consequently, the Reynolds numberof the fluid sub-passage. In some instances, the one or more partitions94 may be configured to help laminarize the fluid flow in the flowchannel 86 by creating a more consistent flow and mitigating turbulenteffects of the flow of fluid. In some cases, the laminar flow can reducethe noise seen by the flow sensor 114, providing a more consistent,reliable, repeatable, and stable output of the flow sensor assembly 80.

In the illustrative embodiment, the flow sensor assembly 80 may have afirst static pressure P₁ at the upstream tap 100 and a second staticpressure P₂ at the downstream tap 102. The pressure differential betweenthe upstream tap 100 and the downstream tap 102 can drive a fraction ofthe fluid flow through the bypass channel 92. In some cases, thefraction of the fluid may be, for example, one-fifth, one-tenth,one-fifteenth, one-twentieth, or any other suitable fraction of thefluid flow entering the inlet port 88.

As shown in, for example, FIG. 9, the upstream tap 100 may be positioneddownstream of an upstream end of partition 94 and the downstream tap 102may be positioned upstream of a downstream end of the partition 94. Thatis, upstream tap 100 and downstream tap 102 may be positioned in fluidsub-passage 96. However, it contemplated that upstream tap 100 may bepositioned upstream of the partition 94 and/or downstream tap 102 may bepositioned downstream of partition 94.

In some embodiments, the dimensions and/or configuration of the bypasschannel 92 may be set in order to provide a desired flow rate or rangeof flow rates across flow sensor 114 for a given flow rate or range offlow rates through the flow channel 86. Excessive fluid flow through thebypass channel and across the flow sensor 114 may cause, for example,sensor saturation. Too little fluid flow through the bypass channel canresult in a sensor output signal that has an insufficient dynamic rangeand/or resolution. In either case, flow sensor 114 may impreciselymeasure the flow rate of a fluid flowing through flow sensor assembly80. In some cases, one or more features may be provided in the bypasschannel to restrict the fluid flow rate through the bypass channel. Suchfeatures may include, for example, one or more flow restrictors formedin the upstream tap, the downstream tap and/or the bypass channel itselfbetween the upstream tap and downstream tap. Such features may alsoinclude one or more porous inserts positioned in the upstream tap, thedownstream tap and/or the bypass channel between the upstream tap anddownstream tap. In some cases, the length of the bypass channel itselfmay be set relative to the cross sectional area of the bypass channel soas to provide a desired flow rate or range of flow rates across flowsensor 114 for a given flow rate or range of flow rates through the flowchannel 86.

In some cases and as shown in FIG. 9, the bypass channel 92 may beconfigured to have a generally s-shaped (or partial s-shaped) curve 104and 106 adjacent to the upstream tap 100 and/or the downstream tap 102.For instance, the generally s-shaped curve 104 adjacent to the upstreamtap 100 may initially curve back towards the inlet port 88 and then backtowards the outlet port 90 and flow sensor 114. Similarly, the generallys-shaped curve adjacent to downstream tap 102 may initially curve towardthe outlet port 90 and then back towards the inlet 88 and flow sensor114.

In some embodiment, the bypass channel 92 may include a boss 108 orother feature configured to direct the fluid through the flow sensor114. For example, boss 108 may include a first taper reducing thecross-sectional area of the bypass channel 92 and a second taperincreasing the cross-sectional area of the bypass channel 92. In somecases, the flow sensor 114 can be positioned between the first taper andthe second taper, but this is not required.

In some embodiments, the housing 82 may define the inlet port 88, outletport 90, three or more sides of the flow channel 86, three or more sidesof the bypass channel 92, and partition 94, but this is not required. Insome cases, the inlet port 88, outlet port 90, three or more sides ofthe flow channel 86, three or more sides of the bypass channel 92, andpartition 94 (when provided) may be formed from a single part (e.g. asingle molded part). In such an embodiment, the cover 84 may define thefourth, or top, side of the flow channel 86 and a fourth, or top, sideof the bypass channel 92. As shown in FIG. 11, the partition 94 may beconfigured to have a height such that partition 94 does not engage thecover 84, or partition 94 is spaced from the cover 84. However, it iscontemplated that partition 94 may be configured to have a height suchthat partition 94 engages the cover 84, if desired.

In the illustrative embodiment, the housing 82 and the cover 84, may beformed as a composite. This may, in some cases, aid in molding thehousing 82 and the cover 84. However, it is contemplated that thehousing 82 and cover 84 may be molded in a single piece from a plastic,ceramic, metal or any other suitable material according to designconsiderations. It is also contemplated that the housing may be formedby injection molding, or may be made by any other suitable methods andmaterials, as desired. In some cases, cover 84 may be a printed circuitboard or other suitable substrate for mounting flow sensor 114 thereon.

In some embodiments, the inlet port 88 and/or the outlet port 90 mayenter at an angle relative to the flow channel 86. As shown in FIG. 9,for example, the inlet port 88 and the outlet port 90 may be generallyperpendicular (angle=90 degrees) to the flow channel 86. However, otherangles are also contemplated, including no angle (in-plane with the flowchannel 86). In some embodiments, the inlet port 88 and the outlet port90 may be fluidly coupled to a main flow channel (not shown) of a largersystem (such as a respirator), but this is not required.

In the illustrative embodiment, a flow sensor 114 can be provided influid communication with the bypass channel 92 of flow sensor assembly80. When a non-zero fluid flow is present in the flow channel 86, thefluid may flow through the inlet port 88, through flow channel 86,through fluid sub-passages 96 and 98 (defined by partition 94), andthrough outlet port 90. This fluid flow may setup a first staticpressure P₁ at an upstream tap 100 of the bypass channel 86 and a secondstatic pressure P₂ at the downstream tap 102. This differential pressure(P₁−P₂) will cause a fraction of the fluid to pass through upstream tap100 (in some cases a fraction of fluid flowing through sub-passage 96),through bypass channel 92 and across flow sensor 114, and out downstreamtap 102 and back into the flow channel 86 (in some cases back intosub-passage 96).

Although not shown, the flow sensor assembly 80 may include one or moreelectrical leads that are electrically connected to the flow sensor 114,which may extend external to the housing. In some cases, the one or moreelectrical leads may include a metal, however, any suitable conductingmaterial may be used, as desired.

Having thus described several illustrative embodiments of the presentdisclosure, those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that yetother embodiments may be made and used within the scope of the claimshereto attached. Numerous advantages of the disclosure covered by thisdocument have been set forth in the foregoing description. It will beunderstood, however, that this disclosure is, in many respect, onlyillustrative. Changes may be made in details, particularly in matters ofshape, size, and arrangement of parts without exceeding the scope of thedisclosure. The disclosure's scope is, of course, defined in thelanguage in which the appended claims are expressed.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A flow sensor assembly, comprising: a housingdefining at least part of an inlet flow port and at least part of anoutlet flow port, the housing having a first side and an opposing secondside, with the first side having a recess formed therein that defines: afirst side wall of a fluid channel, where the fluid channel extendsbetween the inlet flow port and the outlet flow port; a first side wallof a bypass channel, where the bypass channel includes an upstream tapin fluid communication with the fluid channel at a first location, and adownstream tap in fluid communication with the fluid channel at a secondlocation; a cover sealingly engaged to the housing such that the coverdefines a second side wall of the fluid channel and a second side wallof the bypass channel, and wherein the cover, in conjunction with thehousing, collectively define the fluid channel and the bypass channel;and a flow sensor secured relative to the cover such that the flowsensor is in fluid communication with the bypass channel and is capableof measuring a flow rate of fluid flowing through the bypass channel.22. The flow sensor assembly of claim 21, wherein the recess formed inthe first side of the housing further defines one or more partitionshaving a length extending in a direction parallel to fluid flow in thefluid channel.
 23. The flow sensor assembly of claim 22, wherein the oneor more partitions do not extend all the way to the cover.
 24. The flowsensor assembly of claim 21, wherein the cover comprises a printedcircuit board, with the flow sensor mounted to the printed circuitboard.
 25. The flow sensor assembly of claim 21, wherein the flow sensoris mounted in a cavity between the cover and the housing.
 26. The flowsensor assembly of claim 21, wherein the cover has a first side and anopposing second side, with the flow sensor mounted to the first side ofthe cover, and wherein the first side of the housing is mounted to thefirst side of the cover with the recess facing the cover.
 27. The flowsensor assembly of claim 27, wherein the flow sensor extends into a partof the recess that defines the first side wall of the bypass channel.28. The flow sensor assembly of claim 27, wherein the housing definesthe inlet flow port and the outlet flow port.
 29. The flow sensorassembly of claim 27, wherein the inlet flow port and/or the outlet flowinclude a porous insert.
 30. The flow sensor assembly of claim 21,wherein the housing is a single piece molded part.
 31. A flow sensorassembly, comprising: a housing having a first side and an opposingsecond side, with the first side having a recess formed therein thatdefines a first side wall of a fluid channel; a cover sealingly engagedto the housing such that the cover defines a second side wall of thefluid channel, wherein the cover, in conjunction with the housing,collectively define the fluid channel; and a flow sensor securedrelative to the cover, the flow sensor capable of determining a measurerelative to a flow rate of a fluid flowing through the fluid channel.32. The flow sensor assembly of claim 31, wherein the recess formed inthe first side of the housing further defines one or more partitionshaving a length extending in a direction parallel to fluid flow in thefluid channel.
 33. The flow sensor assembly of claim 32, wherein the oneor more partitions do not extend all the way to the cover.
 34. The flowsensor assembly of claim 31, wherein the recess formed in the first sideof the housing further defines a first side wall of a bypass channel,where the bypass channel includes an upstream tap in fluid communicationwith the fluid channel at a first location, and a downstream tap influid communication with the fluid channel at a second location, andwherein the cover defines a second side wall of the bypass channel, withthe flow sensor is in fluid communication with the bypass channel. 35.The flow sensor assembly of claim 31, wherein the cover comprises aprinted circuit board, with the flow sensor mounted to the printedcircuit board.
 36. The flow sensor assembly of claim 31, wherein thehousing further defines an inlet flow port and an outlet flow port,where the fluid channel extends between the inlet flow port and theoutlet flow port.
 37. The flow sensor assembly of claim 31, wherein thehousing is a single piece molded part.
 38. A flow sensor assembly,comprising: a single piece housing defining an inlet flow port and anoutlet flow port, the single piece housing having a first side and anopposing second side, with the first side defining: a first side wall ofa fluid channel, where the fluid channel extends between the inlet flowport and the outlet flow port; a first side wall of a bypass channel,where the bypass channel includes an upstream tap in fluid communicationwith the fluid channel at a first location, and a downstream tap influid communication with the fluid channel at a second location; a coversealingly engaged to the first side of the single piece housing suchthat the cover defines a second side wall of the fluid channel and asecond side wall of the bypass channel, and wherein the cover, inconjunction with the single piece housing, collectively define the fluidchannel and the bypass channel; and a flow sensor secured relative tothe housing such that the flow sensor is in fluid communication with thebypass channel and is capable of measuring a flow rate of fluid flowingthrough the bypass channel.
 39. The flow sensor assembly of claim 38,wherein the first side of the housing further defines one or morepartitions having a length extending in a direction parallel to fluidflow in the fluid channel.
 40. The flow sensor assembly of claim 38,wherein the cover comprises a printed circuit board, with the flowsensor mounted to the printed circuit board.